Angina Pectoris

موضوع: Angina Pectoris الأربعاء أكتوبر 27, 2010 3:59 pm

Angina Pectoris

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome that occurs when low blood flow to the heart (myocardial ischemia) limits delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle during exertion. It is felt as discomfort and tightening in the chest that is sometimes accompanied by pain in the left arm, shoulders, or jaw. Usually, blood flow is decreased because of blockage within one or more of the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle (coronary artery disease). This blockage is typically the result of a buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) that gradually block the flow of blood and oxygen in the artery (atherosclerosis).

Atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary artery is the most frequent source of cardiac ischemia and angina; however, endothelial damage or dysfunction in the heart, a sudden tightening or narrowing of the coronary artery (vasospasm), or severe narrowing of the aortic valve (aortic stenosis) may also interfere with coronary blood flow, reduce delivery of oxygen to heart tissue, and cause angina.

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

Angina can also be caused by other mechanisms that reduce oxygen delivery, such as anemia (low red blood cell count and/or low hemoglobin), low blood pressure (hypotension), bradycardia, exposure to carbon monoxide, and inflammation.

Angina pectoris manifests in different forms, which can make differential diagnosis difficult. The various forms are divided into three basic types:
stable angina, in which pain is present only during exertion or extreme emotional distress and disappears with rest;
unstable angina, in which symptoms occur with increasing frequency and pain occurs more easily at rest, feels more severe, or lasts longer; and
Prinzmetal angina, in which angina occurs at rest, when sleeping, or when exposed to cold temperatures. In the latter type of angina, symptoms are generally caused by transient spasms of the coronary artery rather than by actual blockage of the artery by plaque or clots. Cardiac syndrome X refers to the presence of all typical symptoms of angina pectoris but with no detectable coronary artery disease or spasm.

Two standard classification systems are used to describe angina and unstable angina. The New York Heart Association classifies angina as
Class I, angina occurring only on strenuous activity;
Class II, angina with more prolonged or rigorous activity than usual;
Class III, angina with typical daily activity; and
Class IV, angina that occurs at rest.

The Braunwald classification system for unstable angina includes Class I, new onset of severe angina within 2 months with no pain at rest; Class II, pain at rest in the last month but not within the last 48 hours; and Class III, angina at rest within the last 48 hours (Ferri)

Risk: Tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, and advanced age increase an individual's risk for angina pectoris. Deconditioned individuals who begin strenuous exercise programs also have increased risk.

Other major risk factors associated with coronary artery disease and development of angina include obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream (hyperlipidemia), low blood levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), diabetes mellitus, and a positive family history of heart disease. Having a low red blood cell count (anemia), irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), or overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) may also increase the risk of angina.

........{ From [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] }

THANKS
gooooooooooooooooooooooooood work

موضوع: رد: Angina Pectoris السبت أكتوبر 30, 2010 8:17 pm

زهرة البنفسج كتب:: THANKS
gooooooooooooooooooooooooood work

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You're welcome my dear!

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موضوع: رد: Angina Pectoris الخميس نوفمبر 04, 2010 11:12 am

ولا اروع تسلم يديك

شكرا ع المعلومات

موضوع: رد: Angina Pectoris الإثنين ديسمبر 20, 2010 8:32 pm

سيف الطويري كتب:: ولا اروع تسلم يديك

شكرا ع المعلومات

العفو

لا شُكر لا واجب

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